In quantum mechanics, the orbital is a mathematical function that describes the location of a particle in a three-dimensional potential well with central symmetry (for example, an electron in an atom). In this case, the wave function is divided into radial and angular parts. The angular part is described by special mathematical functions called spherical harmonics. Each orbital is characterized by a unique set of values ​​of three quantum numbers \(n\), \(l\) and \(m\), which correspond to the particle energy, angular momentum, and the component of the angular momentum vector (magnetic quantum number), respectively. The last two numbers determine the shape of the spherical harmonics.